Answer: Bare rock with no soil.
- A Abandoned farmland
- B Bare rock with no soil
- C Disturbed forest
- D Sandy beach with some soil
Correct answer: B. Bare rock with no soil
Explanation: Primary succession: begins on bare, lifeless substrate (bare rock, lava field) with no soil. Pioneer species (lichens, mosses) establish first.
Energy pyramid showing a simple food chain (producer to herbivore to carnivore) with energy decreasing roughly tenfold at each trophic level.
Concept context
Ecosystems, food chains, energy flow, nutrient cycles, biodiversity, and conservation.