Answer: Respiration losses of producers.
- A Energy lost in leaching
- B Energy fixed by decomposers
- C Secondary productivity
- D Respiration losses of producers
Correct answer: D. Respiration losses of producers
Explanation: NPP equals GPP minus the energy used by producers in respiration (R); NPP is the biomass available to consumers.
Energy pyramid showing a simple food chain (producer to herbivore to carnivore) with energy decreasing roughly tenfold at each trophic level.
Concept context
Ecosystems, food chains, energy flow, nutrient cycles, biodiversity, and conservation.