Answer: D = mu × kT/e.
- A D = mu × kT/e
- B D = mu × e/kT
- C D = mu × kT
- D D/mu = e
Correct answer: A. D = mu × kT/e
Explanation: Einstein relation: D/mu = kT/q = V<sub>T</sub> (thermal voltage). Fundamental relationship valid in equilibrium.
Conductors have overlapping bands, semiconductors have a small energy gap that can be bridged by heat or doping, and insulators have a large gap that blocks conduction.
Concept context
Band theory, p-n junction, diodes, transistors, logic gates, and integrated circuits.