Answer: Cannot be utilized as a battery (thermal equilibrium).
- A Can be measured with voltmeter directly overall
- B Cannot be utilized as a battery (thermal equilibrium)
- C Decreases with doping in most cases under typical conditions
- D Is zero at room temperature according to standard textbooks
Correct answer: B. Cannot be utilized as a battery (thermal equilibrium)
Explanation: Built-in potential (0.6-0.7V for Si): thermodynamic equilibrium quantity. Cannot be used as voltage source; no net current in equilibrium.
Conductors have overlapping bands, semiconductors have a small energy gap that can be bridged by heat or doping, and insulators have a large gap that blocks conduction.
Concept context
Band theory, p-n junction, diodes, transistors, logic gates, and integrated circuits.