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🔬 Biology  ·  Microbes in Human Welfare  ·  NEET

The toxin in Bacillus thuringiensis exists as inactive protoxin crystals inside the bacterium but kills insect larvae after being eaten. Which conditions convert it into the active toxin?

Answer: The alkaline pH of the insect gut.

  • A The acidic pH of the human stomach
  • B Exposure to sunlight on leaves
  • C The alkaline pH of the insect gut
  • D The anaerobic conditions in soil

Correct answer: C. The alkaline pH of the insect gut

Explanation: The crystal protein is an inactive protoxin that is solubilised and activated by the alkaline pH of the insect gut, after which it damages the gut epithelium and kills the larva.

Sewage Treatment FlowPrimaryphysical filtering+ sedimentationSecondary (aerobic)aeration tank, flocsconsume organic matterActivated sludgesettles out;part reused as inoculumSludge digesterANAEROBIC →biogas (CH₄)Note the switch: aerobic microbes in the tank, anaerobic microbes in the digester

Sewage passes through physical removal (primary), then aerobic biological treatment where microbes form flocs that consume organic matter (secondary); the settled activated sludge is then digested anaerobically to produce biogas - a deliberate switch from aerobic to anaerobic conditions between stages.

Concept context

Microorganisms in food, medicine, sewage treatment, biocontrol, and biofertilizers

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