Answer: The calcineurin-NFAT pathway, preventing cytokine gene transcription.
- A The mTOR signaling pathway that governs T-cell growth and proliferation
- B The calcineurin-NFAT pathway, preventing cytokine gene transcription
- C The JAK-STAT pathway responsible for interferon-mediated signaling
- D The NF-kB pathway that mediates the broader inflammatory response
Correct answer: B. The calcineurin-NFAT pathway, preventing cytokine gene transcription
Explanation: Cyclosporin A binds to cyclophilin, and this complex inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which normally activates NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells) to transcribe cytokine genes (like IL-2), thereby suppressing T cell activation and immune rejection.
Sewage passes through physical removal (primary), then aerobic biological treatment where microbes form flocs that consume organic matter (secondary); the settled activated sludge is then digested anaerobically to produce biogas - a deliberate switch from aerobic to anaerobic conditions between stages.
Concept context
Microorganisms in food, medicine, sewage treatment, biocontrol, and biofertilizers