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🔬 Biology  ·  Microbes in Human Welfare  ·  NEET

Citric acid is commercially produced using which microorganism?

Answer: Aspergillus niger.

  • A Lactobacillus
  • B Saccharomyces
  • C Aspergillus niger
  • D Streptococcus

Correct answer: C. Aspergillus niger

Explanation: Aspergillus niger, a fungus, is used for the commercial production of citric acid.

Sewage Treatment FlowPrimaryphysical filtering+ sedimentationSecondary (aerobic)aeration tank, flocsconsume organic matterActivated sludgesettles out;part reused as inoculumSludge digesterANAEROBIC →biogas (CH₄)Note the switch: aerobic microbes in the tank, anaerobic microbes in the digester

Sewage passes through physical removal (primary), then aerobic biological treatment where microbes form flocs that consume organic matter (secondary); the settled activated sludge is then digested anaerobically to produce biogas - a deliberate switch from aerobic to anaerobic conditions between stages.

Concept context

Microorganisms in food, medicine, sewage treatment, biocontrol, and biofertilizers

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