Answer: 3:1.
- A 2:1
- B 3:1
- C 4:1
- D 5:1
Correct answer: B. 3:1
Explanation: Closed pipe: only odd harmonics. Fundamental = v/(4L) = 1st harmonic. First overtone = 3rd harmonic = 3v/(4L). Ratio = 3:1.
A standing wave forms from two identical waves travelling in opposite directions and interfering; nodes (always zero displacement) and antinodes (maximum displacement) stay fixed in place, unlike a travelling wave where the whole pattern moves.
Concept context
Wave types, superposition, standing waves, Doppler effect, and sound intensity.