Answer: v/(4L).
- A v/(4L)
- B v/(2L)
- C v/L
- D 2v/L
Correct answer: A. v/(4L)
Explanation: Closed pipe: closed end is a node, open end is antinode. Fundamental: L = lambda/4, f<sub>1</sub> = v/(4L).
A standing wave forms from two identical waves travelling in opposite directions and interfering; nodes (always zero displacement) and antinodes (maximum displacement) stay fixed in place, unlike a travelling wave where the whole pattern moves.
Concept context
Wave types, superposition, standing waves, Doppler effect, and sound intensity.