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🔬 Biology  ·  Reproductive Health  ·  NEET

India total fertility rate (TFR) dropped below the replacement level of 2.1 for the first time according to NFHS-5 (2019-21). What does a TFR below replacement level indicate about future population trends?

Answer: Population will continue growing for decades due to population momentum before stabilising.

  • A An immediate and sharp decline in total population size within the same year
  • B Population will continue growing for decades due to population momentum before stabilising
  • C An acceleration of population growth driven by the existing large reproductive-age cohort
  • D A death rate that immediately surpasses the birth rate across all age groups

Correct answer: B. Population will continue growing for decades due to population momentum before stabilising

Explanation: Even when TFR drops below replacement level, population continues to grow for decades due to population momentum - the large proportion of young people who will still have children. India population is projected to peak around 2064.

Contraceptive Methods by CategoryNaturalabstinence,withdrawalBarriercondom (alsoblocks STIs)IUDCuT, LippesloopHormonalpills, injectables,implantsSurgicalvasectomy,tubectomyEffectiveness and permanence generally increase left→right; only barrier methods stop STI transmission

Contraceptive methods span a spectrum from temporary/natural to permanent/surgical; condoms stand out as the only method offering STI protection alongside contraception.

Concept context

Understand reproductive health, family planning, contraception methods, STIs, population control, and assisted reproductive technologies.

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